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<blockquote data-quote="KJ" data-source="post: 98229" data-attributes="member: 1">What's their usage for?Milk thistle phenol compounds can block thyroid hormone uptake.[URL unfurl=&quot;true&quot;]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26910310/[/URL]Thyroid hormones (THs) are charged and iodinated amino acid derivatives that need to pass the cell membrane facilitated by thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTT) to exert their biological function. The importance of functional THTT is affirmed by the devastating effects of mutations in the human monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8, leading to a severe form of psychomotor retardation. Modulation of THTT function by pharmacological or environmental compounds might disturb TH action on a tissue-specific level. Therefore, it is important to identify compounds with relevant environmental exposure and THTT-modulating activity. Based on a nonradioactive TH uptake assay, we performed a screening of 13 chemicals, suspicious for TH receptor interaction, to test their potential effects on THTT in MCT8-overexpressing MDCK1-cells. We identified silymarin, an extract of the milk thistle, to be a potent inhibitor of T3 uptake by MCT8. Because silymarin is a complex mixture of flavonolignan substances, we further tested its individual components and identified silychristin as the most effective one with an IC50 of approximately 100 nM. The measured IC50 value is at least 1 order of magnitude below those of other known THTT inhibitors. This finding was confirmed by T3 uptake in primary murine astrocytes expressing endogenous Mct8 but not in MCT10-overexpressing MDCK1-cells, indicating a remarkable specificity of the inhibitor toward MCT8. Because silymarin is a frequently used adjuvant therapeutic for hepatitis C infection and chronic liver disease, our observations raise questions regarding its safety with respect to unwanted effects on the TH axisLike many seeds, it also contains linoleic acid, though I'm not sure of the g per weight.[URL unfurl=&quot;true&quot;]https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1177/1534735407301825[/URL]The initial extract of crushed milk thistle seeds, usually with ethanol, that contains 65% to 80% silymarin and 20% to 35% fatty acids, such as linoleic acid.[URL unfurl=&quot;true&quot;]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19041708/[/URL]Silymarin, which is extracted from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has been used for centuries for treating hepatic disorders and its hepatoprotective effects have been known for hundreds of years. Silymarin is a mixture of polyphenoic flavonoids, which include silibinin (silybin A and silybin B), isosilyin A and B, silychristin A and B, silydianin and other phenol compounds. The pharmacokinetics of silibinin shows fast absorption and elimination. Silymarin undergoes phase I and phase II metabolism, especially phase II conjugation reactions, it undergoes multiple conjugation reactions, and is primarily excreted into bile and urine. Silymarin has a good safety profile, but little is known regarding its potential for drug interaction. Silymarin has limited effect on the pharmacokinetics of several drugs in vivo; despite silymarin decreasing the activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYPs) enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme, and reducing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport. Health-care practitioners should caution patients against co-administration of silymarin and pharmaceutical drugs.Pectin have been shown to be an intestinal irritant in rats.[URL unfurl=&quot;true&quot;]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938404001246[/URL]Lactic acid accumulation in the caecum and colon resulting from the fermentation of carbohydrates can lead to deleterious effects in ruminant and monogastric animals, including humans. In the present study, we examined the behavioural effects of two types of commonly consumed foods: soluble and fermentable carbohydrates (FCs). Thirty-six male <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/wistar-rat" target="_blank">Wistar rats</a> were fed either a commercial rat and mouse chow, a soluble carbohydrate (SC)-based diet or an FC-based diet. Social interaction, anxiety, aggression and locomotor activity were examined by employing a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/social-interaction-test" target="_blank">social interaction test</a> and a light/dark emergence test, while physical parameters of hindgut fermentation were examined after sacrifice, either 3 or 21 h after feeding. Results showed that anxiety (spending less time in the light compartment during the light/dark emergence test) and aggression (increased fighting during the social interaction test) were increased following raised concentrations of fermentation end products, such as lactic acid and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/volatile-fatty-acid" target="_blank">volatile fatty acids</a> (VFAs) in the caecum of rats. These associations occurred regardless of dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and provide evidence supporting a general effect of FCs on behaviour. Possible mechanisms of action along with similarities between a rat and human model of acidosis are discussed.</blockquote>

[QUOTE="KJ, post: 98229, member: 1"] What's their usage for? Milk thistle phenol compounds can block thyroid hormone uptake. [URL unfurl="true"]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26910310/[/URL] Thyroid hormones (THs) are charged and iodinated amino acid derivatives that need to pass the cell membrane facilitated by thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTT) to exert their biological function. The importance of functional THTT is affirmed by the devastating effects of mutations in the human monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8, leading to a severe form of psychomotor retardation. Modulation of THTT function by pharmacological or environmental compounds might disturb TH action on a tissue-specific level. Therefore, it is important to identify compounds with relevant environmental exposure and THTT-modulating activity. Based on a nonradioactive TH uptake assay, we performed a screening of 13 chemicals, suspicious for TH receptor interaction, to test their potential effects on THTT in MCT8-overexpressing MDCK1-cells. [B]We identified silymarin, an extract of the milk thistle, to be a potent inhibitor of T3 uptake by MCT8. [/B]Because silymarin is a complex mixture of flavonolignan substances, we further tested its individual components and identified silychristin as the most effective one with an IC50 of approximately 100 nM. The measured IC50 value is at least 1 order of magnitude below those of other known THTT inhibitors. This finding was confirmed by T3 uptake in primary murine astrocytes expressing endogenous Mct8 but not in MCT10-overexpressing MDCK1-cells, indicating a remarkable specificity of the inhibitor toward MCT8. Because silymarin is a frequently used adjuvant therapeutic for hepatitis C infection and chronic liver disease, our observations raise questions regarding its safety with respect to unwanted effects on the TH axis Like many seeds, it also contains linoleic acid, though I'm not sure of the g per weight. [URL unfurl="true"]https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1177/1534735407301825[/URL] The initial extract of crushed milk thistle seeds, usually with ethanol, that contains 65% to 80% silymarin and 20% to 35% fatty acids, such as linoleic acid. [URL unfurl="true"]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19041708/[/URL] Silymarin, which is extracted from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has been used for centuries for treating hepatic disorders and its hepatoprotective effects have been known for hundreds of years. Silymarin is a mixture of polyphenoic flavonoids, which include silibinin (silybin A and silybin B), isosilyin A and B, silychristin A and B, silydianin and other phenol compounds. The pharmacokinetics of silibinin shows fast absorption and elimination. Silymarin undergoes phase I and phase II metabolism, especially phase II conjugation reactions, it undergoes multiple conjugation reactions, and is primarily excreted into bile and urine. Silymarin has a good safety profile, but little is known regarding its potential for drug interaction. Silymarin has limited effect on the pharmacokinetics of several drugs in vivo; despite [B]silymarin decreasing the activity of cytochrome P-450[/B] (CYPs) enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme, and reducing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport. Health-care practitioners should caution patients against co-administration of silymarin and pharmaceutical drugs. Pectin have been shown to be an intestinal irritant in rats. [URL unfurl="true"]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938404001246[/URL] Lactic acid accumulation in the caecum and colon resulting from the fermentation of carbohydrates can lead to deleterious effects in ruminant and monogastric animals, including humans. In the present study, we examined the behavioural effects of two types of commonly consumed foods: soluble and fermentable carbohydrates (FCs). Thirty-six male [URL='https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/wistar-rat']Wistar rats[/URL] were fed either a commercial rat and mouse chow, a soluble carbohydrate (SC)-based diet or an FC-based diet. Social interaction, anxiety, aggression and locomotor activity were examined by employing a [URL='https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/social-interaction-test']social interaction test[/URL] and a light/dark emergence test, while physical parameters of hindgut fermentation were examined after sacrifice, either 3 or 21 h after feeding. Results showed that[B] anxiety (spending less time in the light compartment during the light/dark emergence test) and aggression (increased fighting during the social interaction test) were increased following raised concentrations of fermentation end products,[/B] such as lactic acid and [URL='https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/volatile-fatty-acid']volatile fatty acids[/URL] (VFAs) in the caecum of rats. These associations occurred regardless of dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and provide evidence supporting a general effect of FCs on behaviour. Possible mechanisms of action along with similarities between a rat and human model of acidosis are discussed. [/QUOTE]

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